The Ethical Climate of Danish Firms: A Discussion and Enhancement of the Ethical-Climate Model

The initial purpose of this study is to provide an empirical validation of Victor and Cullen’s ethical-climate model (1987, Frederick (ed.), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, Vol. 9, pp. 51–71; 1988, Administrative Science Quarterly 33, 101–125; 1990, Frederick and Preston (eds.), Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies (JAI Press Inc., Greenwich, Connecticut), pp. 77–97). Testing the model on a sample of Danish firms, this study demonstrates that the empirical model as suggested by Victor and Cullen is much stronger than suggested by previous research. Based on a confirmatory factor model, the results of this study suggest a revised ethical structure. Especially a sixth dimension – own interest – is separated from the original instrumental dimension. Further, this study suggests that the ethical-climate model can be enhanced with the dimension of autonomy deriving from Koys and DeCotiis’ (1991, Human Relations 44(3), 265–285.) dimensional psychological climate instrument.     

基于四分图模型的农民村庄整治满意度研究——以江苏丰县华山村为样本

[目的]通过分析江苏省丰县华山镇华山村村民调查数据,从道路、桥梁、水利、建筑和环保5个方面,对农民村庄整治满意度进行分析。[方法]运用四分图模型,选取江苏省丰县华山镇华山村农民的调查数据,选取乱堆乱放、农宅环境、公共绿化、路灯安装、桥梁整修、广场建设、河道疏浚、公厕整治、供水质量、外墙整修、道路整治、垃圾处理、农厕整改、污水处理等14个指标对农民村庄整治满意度进行研究。[结果]满意度评价结果与实际调查情况大体一致,农民对村庄整治总体满意,其中对河道疏浚和公厕整治项目满意度较高,对因资金缺乏引起供水质量、外墙整修和农厕整改等整治不彻底的项目评价较低;村庄整治中,农民对路灯安装和道路整治项目最为看重;其次是供水质量、桥梁整修、垃圾处理、污水处理和外墙整修等5项指标。另外,规划质量、管理机制是否健全等也一定程度影响农民满意度。[结论]建议采取多渠道筹集资金、科学制定规划方案、激发村民参与积极性和建立长效管理机制等措施提升农民村庄整治满意度。     

The roles of OCB and automation in the relationship between job autonomy and organizational performance: a moderated mediation model

This study examines the mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in the relationship between job autonomy and organizational performance in the manufacturing industry. The study also investigates the moderating role of automation in those relationships. Although it is well known that job autonomy has an intimate relationship with employees’ attitudes at the individual level, no studies have yet elucidated the relationships of job autonomy with OCB and organizational performance at the organizational level. Moreover, no research has investigated the role of automation in an OB discipline, although automation constitutes an important contextual variable. Using a moderated mediation model, this study found that OCB mediated the relationship between job autonomy and performance, and that these relationships were stronger in less automated organizations. The findings offer implications regarding how job autonomy can improve organizational performance and which organizations benefit more from job autonomy.     

Entrepreneurial leadership and MNE subsidiary performance: The moderating role of subsidiary context

Managers of international subsidiaries, especially subsidiary CEOs, operate at critical interfaces within multinational enterprises (MNEs) and hold strategic responsibility for the operations in their country. Yet, their impact on subsidiary performance has received scant research attention. Building on the subsidiary entrepreneurship and strategic leadership literatures, we develop a model of how subsidiary CEOs’ entrepreneurial leadership affects subsidiary performance, and how this relationship is moderated by the subsidiary context that determines managerial discretion. We combine survey data of 291 international subsidiaries in South Korea with archival data to test our hypotheses. Our results show that subsidiary CEOs’ entrepreneurial leadership enhances subsidiary performance and that this relationship is strengthened by managerial discretion. Our study highlights the pivotal role of subsidiary CEOs within MNEs and contributes to a microfoundational understanding of international subsidiary management.     

全球卫生治理重塑中的世界卫生组织

作为全球卫生治理机构,世界卫生组织的首要事务是防控疾病的流行,减少死亡的发生。世界卫生组织在新型冠状病毒防控中发挥了重要作用,为抑制病毒传染和流行,降低发病率和死亡率作出了显著贡献。新冠疫情也使世界卫生组织再次遭受诸如领导和协调能力下降、卫生资金供给不足、治理自主权不足、分配医疗资源不均衡等质疑。各国尤其是大国应通力合作,针对世界卫生组织固有的缺陷进行优化改革,从制度和规则上杜绝政治因素干扰,解决财政困境以提升公共卫生事件应对能力,平衡资源分配以缩小地位差异。中国在全球卫生治理体系中的地位不断上升,但与当前中国的经济地位还不匹配。在世界卫生组织的优化和改革中,中国应发挥更大的作用。     

Agency controls and subsidiary strategic initiatives: The mediating role of subsidiary autonomy

Prior studies examining the impact of organizational controls on subsidiaries’ strategic initiatives have to a large extent failed to find a significant direct association between the two. We argue that this lack of direct association may be due to the fact that the control mechanisms used exert their influence on subsidiaries’ strategic initiatives indirectly by suppressing subsidiaries’ decision-making autonomy. Drawing upon agency theory we consider the effects of two types of controls, monitoring and incentive alignment, as mediated by subsidiaries’ decision-making autonomy. We test this effect on data from 115 subsidiaries of foreign multinationals operating in Greece. The results of our analyses empirically validate this assertion for both mechanisms. Our findings further show that, when both mechanisms are present, one may accentuate the effect of the other, highlighting the value of employing a contingency approach to fully capture the effects of organizational controls on the pursuit of subsidiaries’ strategic initiatives.     

The employee-organization relationship, organizational citizenship behaviors, and superior service quality

This study proposes a model of customer-contact service employee management that examines organizational citizenship behaviors as critical links between aspects of the employee-organization relationship (perceived organizational support, organizational identification) and customers’ perceptions of service quality. In addition, it investigates the role of job autonomy in providing the necessary behavioral discretion for employees to be able to perform citizenship behaviors. The hypothesized model was partially supported. Theoretical and managerial implications are explored.     

国家自主性视野下我国国家治理现代化的进路

国家治理现代化是中国当前发展亟需解决的问题。在对学界关于"国家治理现代化"的概念进行梳理和评析的基础上,试图从本质属性、涉及领域、具体内容等方面重新阐释,运用国家自主性理论为国家治理现代化提供理论指导,主张建立有限合理的国家自主性,并提出抑制专断性权力,增强基础性权力和建立"中性政府"三条实践路径来实现国家治理的现代化。     

Pop-Ups, Cookies, and Spam: Toward a Deeper Analysis of the Ethical Significance of Internet Marketing Practices

While e-commerce has grown rapidly in recent years, some of the practices associated with certain aspects of marketing on the Internet, such as pop-ups, cookies, and spam, have raised concerns on the part of Internet users. In this paper I examine the nature of these practices and what I take to be the underlying source of this concern. I argue that the ethical issues surrounding these Internet marketing techniques move us beyond the traditional treatment of the ethics of marketing and advertising found in discussions of business ethics previously. Rather, I show that the questions they raise ultimately turn upon questions of technique and the ways in which technologies can transform the fundamental means by which relationships are established and maintained within a social environment. I then argue that the techniques of e-commerce are indeed transforming the means by which businesses relate to consumers, and that this transformation is affecting the applicability of our previous ways of demarcating the imperatives determining the limits of accessibility between consumers and businesses. Properly addressing the ethical status of the techniques of e-marketing as such necessarily moves us to consider the changes that Internet commerce are having upon the norms that govern individuals in their relations with others.     

村民组与农民行动的单位--安徽肥西县小井村调查

本文以安徽小井村的调查为例,讨论了作为一个认同和行动单位的村民组对乡村治理的影响。文章认为,当前中国不同区域农村,农民的认同和行动单位往往有很大差异,这种认同和行动单位的差异,是造成村治状况差异的基本方面。农民认同与行动单位构成了理解乡村治理的一个新视角。